Chapter Outline

9.1 What Is Diversity, and Why Is Everybody Talking About It?9.2 Categories of Diversity9.3 Navigating the Diversity Landscape

9.4 Inclusivity and Civility: What Role Can I Play?

IntroductionStudent SurveyHow do you feel about diversity, equity, and inclusion? These questions will help you determine how thechapter concepts relate to you right now. As you are introduced to new concepts and practices, it can beinformative to reflect on how your understanding changes over time. We’ll revisit these questions at the endof the chapter to see whether your feelings have changed. Take this quick survey to figure it out, rankingquestions on a scale of 1–4, 1 meaning “least like me” and 4 meaning “most like me.”

1. I'm aware of the different categories of diversity and the various populations I may encounter.2. I think we sometimes go too far in trying to be sensitive to different groups.3. I think nearly everybody in our society has equal opportunity.4. It’s not my role to ensure equity and inclusiveness among my peers or colleagues.

You can also take the Chapter 9 survey (https://openstax.org/l/collegesurvey09) anonymously online.

Figure 9.1 (Credit John Martinez Pavliga / Flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC-BY 2.0))

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Understanding Civility and Cultural Competence

About This ChapterIn this chapter you will learn about diversity and how it plays a role in personal, civic, academic, andprofessional aspects of our lives. By the end of the chapter, you should be able to do the following:

• Articulate how diverse voices have been historically ignored or minimized in American civic life, education,and culture.

• Describe categories of identity and experience that contribute to diverse points of view.• Acknowledge implicit bias and recognize privilege.• Evaluate statements and situations based on their inclusion of diverse perspectives.

9.1 What Is Diversity, and Why Is Everybody Talking About It?

Estimated completion time: 34 minutes.

Questions to Consider:

• Historically, has diversity always been a concern?• What does it mean to be civil?• Why do people argue about diversity?

“For the vast majority of my life, I thought being an Asian-American—who went through the Palo AltoSchool District—meant that I was supposed to excel in academics. But, in reality, I did the opposite. Istruggled through college, both in classes and in seeking experiences for my future. At first, I thought Iwas unique in not living up to expectations. But as I met more people from all different backgrounds, Irealized my challenges were not unique.

“I began capturing videos of students sharing their educational issues. Like me, many of my peers lackthe study skills required to achieve our academic goals. The more I researched and developed videosdocumenting this lack of skill, the more I realized that student identities are often lost as they learnaccording to a traditional pedagogy. I began documenting students’ narratives and the specificstrategies they used to overcome difficulty. Once we can celebrate a diverse student body and showcasetheir strengths and identities as well as the skills necessary to excel academically, my hope is thatstudents of all backgrounds can begin to feel that they belong.”

—Henry Fan, Foothill College and San Jose State University

S T U D E N T P R O F I L E

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What Would Shakespeare Say?

Figure 9.2 (Credit: Sourced originally from Helmolt, H.F., ed. History of the World. Dodd, Mead andCompany, 1902 / Perry-Castañeda Library, University of Texas at Austin / Wikimedia Commons / PublicDomain).

In our classroom, everyone is the same…

Consider a classroom containing 25 college students and their instructor. In this particular class, all of thestudents and the instructor share the same racial group—white. In fact, everyone in the class is a whiteAmerican from the Midwest.

The instructor is leading the class through reading a scene from William Shakespeare’s drama Romeo andJuliet. As students read their parts, each one is thinking carefully about the role he or she has been given.

One of the male students wonders what it would be like to read the part of Juliet; after all, men originallyplayed the part in Shakespeare’s day. The young woman reading Juliet wonders if anyone would object to hertaking the role if they knew she was a lesbian. What would it be like, she wonders, if Romeo, her love interest,were also played by a woman? One reader strongly identifies as German American, but he is reading the partof an Italian. Another student has a grandmother who is African American, but he looks like every other whitestudent in the room. No one recognizes his mixed-race heritage.

After the students finish reading the scene, the instructor announces, “In our classroom, everyone is the same,but these days when Shakespeare is staged, there is a tendency for nontraditional casting. Romeo could beblack, Juliet could be Latina, Lady Montague could be Asian. Do you think that kind of casting would disrupt theexperience of seeing the play?”

In this case, the instructor makes the assumption that because everyone in the class looks the same, they arethe same. What did the instructor miss about the potential for diversity in his classroom? Have you ever madea similar mistake?

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Diversity is more than what we can recognize from external clues such as race and gender. Diversity includesmany unseen aspects of identity, like sexual orientation, political point of view, veteran status, and many otheraspects that you may have not considered. To be inclusive and civil within your community, it is essential thatyou avoid making assumptions about how other people define or identify themselves.

In this chapter we will discover that each person is more than the sum of surface clues presented to the world.Personal experience, social and family history, public policy, and even geography play a role in how diversity isconstructed. We’ll also explore elements of civility and fairness within the college community.

One important objective of civility is to become culturally competent. Culturally competent people understandthe complexity of their own personal identity, values, and culture. In addition, they respect the personalidentities and values of others who may not share their identity and values. Further, culturally competentpeople remain open-minded when confronted with new cultural experiences. They learn to relate to andrespect difference; they look beyond the obvious and learn as much as they can about what makes eachperson different and appreciated.

These concepts tie closely to Chapter 8: Communication, particularly the section on Emotional Intelligence andOvercoming Barriers to Communication.

W H A T S T U D E N T S S A Y

1. Do you think the diversity of your school’s student body is reflected in course offerings and campusactivities?a. Yesb. Somewhatc. No

2. How comfortable are you when discussing issues of race, sexuality, religion, and other aspects ofcivility?a. Extremely comfortableb. Somewhat comfortablec. Somewhat uncomfortabled. Extremely uncomfortable

3. Do you generally feel welcomed and included on campus?a. Yesb. Noc. It varies significantly by class or environment.

You can also take the anonymous What Students Say surveys (https://openstax.org/l/collegesurvey6-12)to add your voice to this textbook. Your responses will be included in updates.

Students offered their views on these questions, and the results are displayed in the graphs below.

Do you think the diversity of your school’s student body is reflected in course offerings and campusactivities?

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Why Diversity MattersThe United States of America is viewed the world over as a leader in democracy and democratic ideals. Ournation, young by most standards, continues to evolve to make the freedoms and opportunities available to all.Where the benefits of citizenship have been imperfect, discord over issues related to civil rights and inclusionhave often been at the center of the conflict.

Figure 9.3

How comfortable are you when discussing issues of race, sexuality, religion, and other aspects of civility?

Figure 9.4

Do you generally feel welcomed and included on campus?

Figure 9.5

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To understand the importance of civility and civil engagement, it is necessary to acknowledge our country’shistory. The United States is a country born out of protest. Colonists protesting what they felt were unfair taxesunder King George III was at the foundation of the Revolutionary War. Over time, many groups have beengiven their civil liberties and equal access to all that our country has to offer through that same spirit ofprotest and petition.

Figure 9.6 (Credit: Carl Campbell / Flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC-BY 2.0))

The United States is often described as a “melting pot,” a rich mixture made up of people of many colors,religions, abilities, etc. working together to make one great big stew. That is the image generations ofAmericans grew up learning, and it is a true one. The United States is a nation of immigrants, and culturalinfluences from around the world have added to its strength.

Historically, however, not all contributions and voices have been acknowledged equally or adequately. Somegroups have had to struggle to have their contributions acknowledged, be treated fairly, and be allowed fullparticipation in the civic life of the country. Entire populations of people have been oppressed as a part of thenation’s history, something important for Americans to confront and acknowledge. For example, in what isknown as the Trail of Tears, the U.S. government forcibly removed Native Americans from their homelands andmade them walk to reservations; some had to travel more than 1,000 miles, and over 10,000 died on thejourney. Further, in an act of forced assimilation, Native American children were taken from their families andplaced in schools where they were not allowed to practice cultural traditions or speak their Native languages.This practice continued as late as the 1970s. As a result, many Native American languages have been lost orare at risk of being lost.

The slavery of Africans occurred in America for close to 250 years. Much of the wealth in the United Statesduring that time came directly from the labor of enslaved people; however, the enslaved people themselvesdid not benefit financially. During World War II, Japanese Americans were placed into internment camps and

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considered a danger to our country because our nation was at war with Japan.

For many years, all women and minority men were traditionally left out of public discourse and deniedparticipation in government, industry, and even cultural institutions such as sports. For example, the UnitedStates Supreme Court was founded in 1789; however, the court’s first female justice, Sandra Day O’Connor,was not appointed until 1981, almost 200 years later. Jackie Robinson famously became the first AfricanAmerican major league baseball player in 1947 when he was hired by the Brooklyn Dodgers, although themajor leagues were established in 1869, decades earlier. The absence of white women and minorities was notan accident. Their exclusion was based on legal discrimination or unfair treatment.

These are all examples of mistreatment, inequality, and discrimination, and they didn’t end without incrediblesacrifice and heroism. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and the equal rights movement forwomen’s rights in the 1970s are examples of how public protests work to bring attention to discriminatorypractices and to create change. Because racism, anti-Semitism, sexism, and other forms of bias andintolerance still exist, civil engagement and protests continue, and policies must be constantly monitored.Many people still work to ensure the gains these communities have made in acquiring the rights of fullcitizenship are not lost.

Diversity refers to differences in the human experience. As different groups have gained in number andinfluence, our definition of diversity has evolved to embrace many variables that reflect a multitude ofdifferent backgrounds, experiences, and points of view, not just race and gender. Diversity takes into accountage, socioeconomic factors, ability (such as sight, hearing, and mobility), ethnicity, veteran status, geography,language, sexual orientation, religion, size, and other factors. At one time or another, each group has had tomake petitions to the government for equal treatment under the law and appeals to society for respect.Safeguarding these groups’ hard-won rights and public regard maintains diversity and its two closely relatedfactors, equity and inclusion.

A C T I V I T Y

Our rights and protections are often acquired through awareness, effort, and, sometimes, protest. Eachone of the following groups has launched protests over discrimination or compromises to their civilrights. Choose three of the groups below and do a quick search on protests or efforts members of thegroup undertook to secure their rights. To expand your knowledge, choose some with which you are notfamiliar.

Record the name, time frame, and outcomes of the protest or movements you researched.

The groups are as follows:

• Veterans• Senior citizens• Blind or visually impaired people• Muslims• Christians• LGBTQ+ community• Hispanic/Latinos• People with intellectual disabilities

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The Role of Equity and InclusionEquity plays a major part in achieving fairness in a diverse landscape. Equity gives everyone equal access toopportunity and success. For example, you may have seen interpreters for deaf or hard of hearing people insituations where a public official is making an announcement about an impending weather emergency.Providing immediate translation into sign language means that there is no gap between what the publicofficial is saying and when all people receive the information. Simultaneous sign language provides equity.[1]

Similarly, many students have learning differences that require accommodations in the classroom. Forexample, a student with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might be given more time to completetests or writing assignments. The extra time granted takes into account that students with ADHD processinformation differently.

If a student with a learning difference is given more time than other students to complete a test, that is amatter of equity. The student is not being given an advantage; the extra time gives them an equal chance atsuccess.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, 1990) is a federal government policy that addresses equity in theworkplace, housing, and public places. The ADA requires “reasonable accommodations” so that people withdisabilities have equal access to the same services as people without disabilities. For example, wheelchair liftson public transportation, automatic doors, entrance ramps, and elevators are examples of accommodationsthat eliminate barriers of participation for people with certain disabilities.

Without the above accommodations, those with a disability may justly feel like second-class citizens becausetheir needs were not anticipated. Further, they might have to use their own resources to gain equal access toservices although their tax dollars contribute to providing that same access and service to other citizens.

Equity levels the playing field so that everyone’s needs are anticipated and everyone has an equal startingpoint. However, understanding equity is not enough.

• Undocumented immigrants• Little people• College students• Jewish Americans• Farm workers• Wheelchair users

1 https://www.nad.org/resources/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-frequently-asked-questions/

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Figure 9.7 Equality is a meaningful goal, but it can leave people with unmet needs; equity is moreempowering and fair. In equality portion of the graphic, people all sizes and a person who uses a wheelchairare all given the same bicycle, which is unusable for most. In the equity portion, each person gets a bicyclespecifically designed for them, enabling them to successfully ride it. Credit: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation /Custom License: “May be Produced with Attribution[2]”)

When equity is properly considered, there is also inclusion. Inclusion means that there are a multiplicity ofvoices, skills, and interests represented in any given situation. Inclusion has played a major role in education,especially in terms of creating inclusion classrooms and inclusive curricula. In an inclusion classroom, studentsof different skill levels study together. For example, students with and without developmental disabilities studyin the same classroom. Such an arrangement eliminates the stigma of the “special education classroom”where students were once segregated. In addition, in inclusion classrooms all students receive support whenneeded. Students benefit from seeing how others learn. In an inclusive curriculum, a course includes contentand perspectives from underrepresented groups. For example, a college course in psychology might includeconsideration of different contexts such as immigration, incarceration, or unemployment in addition toaddressing societal norms.

Inclusion means that these voices of varied background and experience are integrated into discussions,research, and assignments rather than ignored.

Our Country Is Becoming More DiverseYou may have heard the phrase “the browning of America,” meaning it is predicted that today’s racialminorities will, collectively, be the majority of the population in the future. The graph from the Pew ResearchCenter projects that by the year 2065, U.S. demographics will have shifted significantly. In 2019, the whitepopulation made up just over 60% of the population. In 2065, the Pew Research Center predicts that whites willbe approximately 46% of the population. The majority of Americans will be the non-white majority, 54%Hispanic/Latinos, blacks, and Asians.

2 https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/infographics/visualizing-health-equity.html#/download

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Figure 9.8 United States demographics (or statistical characteristics of populations) are changing rapidly. Injust over 35 years, the country as a whole will be a “majority minority” nation, with ethnic/racial minoritiesmaking up more than half of the population. (Credit: Based on work by the Pew Research Center.)

What does this mean? It could mean that the United States begins accepting Spanish as a mainstreamlanguage since the Hispanic/Latino population will be significantly larger. It could mean a changing face forlocal governments. It could mean that our country will elect its second nonwhite president. Beyond anythingspecific, the shifting demographics of the United States could mean greater attention is paid to diversityawareness, equity, and inclusion.

Education: Equity for AllEducation has been one of the most significant arenas for social change related to our rights as Americans.And the effects of that change have significantly impacted other power dynamics in society. You need look nofurther than the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) to see how our nation hasresponded passionately in civil and uncivil ways to appeals for equity and inclusion in public education.

For much of the 20th century, African Americans lived under government-sanctioned separation better knownas segregation. Not only were schools segregated, but Jim Crow laws allowed for legal separation intransportation, hospitals, parks, restaurants, theaters, and just about every aspect of public life. These lawsenacted that there be “whites only” water fountains and restrooms. Only white people could enter the frontdoor of a restaurant or sit on the main level of a movie theater, while African Americans had to enter throughthe back door and sit in the balcony. The segregation also included Mexican Americans and Catholics, who

A N A L Y S I S Q U E S T I O N

How should the United States prepare for its projected demographic shift? What changes do yousuppose will take place as part of the “browning of America”?

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were forced to attend separate schools. Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark Supreme Court case thatchallenged the interpretation of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The caseinvolved the father of Linda Brown suing the Topeka, Kansas, board of education for denying his daughter theright to attend an all-white school. Oliver Brown maintained that segregation left his black community withinferior schools, a condition counter to the equal protection clause contained in Section I of the 14thAmendment:

“All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside. No State shall make orenforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the UnitedStates; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due processof law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

There was widespread heated opposition to desegregated education across the country. Passions were evenmore severe after Brown v. Board of Education was won by the plaintiff on appeal to the United States SupremeCourt. In effect, the case changed the power dynamics in America by leveling the playing field for education.No longer were white schools (and their better resources) legally segregated. In principal, there wasequity—equal access.

Debates in the courtrooms surrounding Brown were passionate but professional. Protests and debate in thosecommunities directly affected by the decision, especially in the South, were intense, violent confrontations thatdemonstrated the height of incivility. One thing you may notice about uncivil behavior is the difficulty mosthave looking back on those actions.

Figure 9.9 After the Brown v Board of Education decision, Americans pursued their rights for equaleducation in other districts. In Arkansas, a group of teenagers, which would come to be known as the LittleRock Nine, were blocked from entering a formerly whites-only school. Facing angry protestors, the stategovernor, and even the National Guard, the nine students finally took their rightful place in the school after ajudge ruled in their favor and President Eisenhower sent the 101st Airborne Division to secure the situation.(Credit: Courtesy of the National Archives, sourced from The US Army / Flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC-BY))

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Educational institutions like colleges and school districts are critically important spaces for equity andinclusion, and debates around them remain challenging. Transgender students in America’s schools facediscrimination, harrassment, and bullying, which causes nearly 45 percent of LGBTQ+ to feel unsafe becuase oftheir gender expression and 60 percent of to feel unsafe due to their sexual orientation. Many of thesestudents miss school or experience significant stress, which usually has a negative impact on their grades,participation, and overall success.[3] In essence, this hostility creates inequality. Regardless of individual stateor district laws on bathroom use and overall accommodation, federal law protects all students fromdiscrimination, especially that based on categories such as gender. But implementation of these federalprotections varies, and, in general, many outside the transgender community do not fully unerstand,empathize with, or support transgender rights.

How can the circumstances improve for transgender students? In other societal changes throughout ournation’s history, court decisions, new legislation, protests, and general public opinion combined to right pastwrongs and provide justice and protection for mistreated people. For example, in 2015, the Supreme Courtupheld the right to same-sex marriage under the 14th Amendment. Just as African Americans publicly debatedand protested educational inequality, the gay community used discusion, protest, and debate to sway publicand legal opinion. Proponents of gay marriage faced fervent argument against their position based on religionand culture; like other minority groups, they were confronted with name-calling, job insecurity, family division,religious isolation, and physical confrontation. And as has often been the case, success in achieving marriageequality eventually came through the courts.

Legal remedies are significant, but can take a very long time. Before they see success in the courts orlegislatures, transgender students in America’s schools will continue to undergo harsh treatment. Their livesand education will remain very difficult until people from outside their community better understand theirsituation.

Debates: Civility vs. IncivilityHealthy debate is a desirable part of a community. In a healthy debate, people are given room to explain theirpoint of view. In a healthy airing of differences, people on opposing sides of an argument can reach commonground and compromise or even agree to disagree and move on.

However, incivility occurs when people are not culturally competent. An individual who is not culturallycompetent might make negative assumptions about others’ values, lack an open mindset, or be inflexible inthinking. Instead of being tolerant of different points of view, they may try to shut down communication by notlistening or by keeping someone with a different point of view from being heard at all. Out of frustration, aperson who is uncivil may resort to name-calling or discrediting another person only with the intention ofcausing confusion and division within a community. Incivility can also propagate violence. Such uncivil reactionto difficult issues is what makes many people avoid certain topics at all costs. Instead of seeking out diversecommunities, people retreat to safe spaces where they will not be challenged to hear opposing opinions orhave their beliefs contested.

Debates on difficult or divisive topics surrounding diversity, especially those promoting orchestrated change,are often passionate. People on each side may base their positions on deeply held beliefs, family traditions,personal experience, academic expertise, and a desire to orchestrate change. With such a strong foundation,emotions can be intense, and debates can become uncivil.

Even when the disagreement is based on information rather than personal feelings, discussions can quickly

3 2017 National School Climate Survey, GLESN. https://www.glsen.org/research/school-climate-survey

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turn to arguments. For example, in academic environments, it’s common to find extremely well-informedarguments in direct opposition to each other. Two well-known economics faculty members from your collegecould debate for hours on financial policies, with each professor’s position backed by data, research, andpublications. Each person could feel very strongly that they are right and the other person is wrong. They mayeven feel that the approach proposed by their opponent would actually do damage to the country or to certaingroups of people. But for this debate—whether it occurs over lunch or on an auditorium stage—to remaincivil, the participants need to maintain certain standards of behavior.

Civility is a valued practice that takes advantage of cultural and political systems we have in place to workthrough disagreements while maintaining respect for others’ points of view. Civil behavior allows for arespectful airing of grievances. The benefit of civil discussion is that members of a community can heardifferent sides of an argument, weigh evidence, and decide for themselves which side to support.

You have probably witnessed or taken part in debates in your courses, at social events, or even at familygatherings. What makes people so passionate about certain issues? First, some may have a personal stake inan issue, such as abortion rights. Convincing other people to share their beliefs may be intended to create acommunity that will protect their rights. Second, others may have deeply held beliefs based on faith or culturalpractices. They argue based on deeply held moral and ethical beliefs. Third, others may be limited in theirbackground knowledge about an issue but are able to speak from a “script” of conventional points of view.They may not want to stray from the script because they do not have enough information to extend anargument.

A C T I V I T Y

1. Describe a time when you could not reach an agreement with someone on a controversial issue.2. Did you try to compromise, combining your points of view so that each of you would be partially

satisfied?3. Did either of you shut down communication? Was ending the conversation a good choice? Why or

why not?

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Rules for Fair Debate

Figure 9.10 You’ll participate in classroom or workplace debate throughout your academic or professionalcareer. Civility is important to productive discussions, and will lead to worthwhile outcomes. (Credit: CreativeSustainability / Flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC-BY 2.0))

The courtroom and the public square are not the only places where serious debate takes place. Every day wetackle tough decisions that involve other people, some of whom have strong opposing points of view. To besuccessful in college, you will need to master sound and ethical approaches to argument, whether it be for amathematical proof or an essay in a composition class.

You probably already know how to be sensitive and thoughtful when giving feedback to a family member orfriend. You think about their feelings and the best way to confront your disagreement without attacking them.Of course, sometimes it’s easier to be less sensitive with people who love you no matter what. Still, whether ina classroom, a workplace, or your family dinner table, there are rules for debating that help people withopposing points of view get to the heart of an issue while remaining civil:

1. Avoid direct insults and personal attacks—the quickest way to turn someone away from your discussion isto attack them personally. This is actually a common logical fallacy called ad hominem, which means “tothe person,” and it means to attack the person rather than the issue.

2. Avoid generalizations and extreme examples—these are two more logical fallacies called bandwagon, orad populum, and reduction to absurdity, or argumentum ad absurdum. The first is when you argue thateveryone is doing something so it must be right. The second is when you argue that a belief or positionwould lead to an absurd or extreme outcome.

3. Avoid appealing to emotions rather than facts—it’s easy to get emotional if you’re debating somethingabout which you feel passionate. Someone disagreeing with you can feel like a personal affront. Thisfallacy, called argument to compassion, appeals to one’s emotions and happens when we mistakefeelings for facts. While strong and motivating, our feelings are not great arbiters of the truth.

4. Avoid irrelevant arguments—sometimes it’s easy to change the subject when we’re debating, especially ifwe feel flustered or like we’re not being heard. Irrelevant conclusion is the fallacy of introducing a topicthat may or may not be sound logic but is not about the issue under debate.

5. Avoid appeal to bias—you may not have strong opinions on every topic but, no doubt, you are

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opinionated about things that matter to you. This strong view can create a bias, or a leaning toward anidea or belief. While there’s nothing wrong with having a strong opinion, you must be mindful to ensurethat your bias doesn’t create prejudice. Ask yourself if your biases influence the ways in which youinteract with other people and with ideas that differ from your own.

6. Avoid appeal to tradition—just because something worked in the past or was true in the past does notnecessarily mean that it is true today. It’s easy to commit this fallacy, as we often default to “If it ain’tbroke, don’t fix it.” It’s appealing because it seems to be common sense. However, it ignores questionssuch as whether the existing or old policy truly works as well as it could and if new technology or newways of thinking can offer an improvement. Old ways can certainly be good ways, but not simply becausethey are old.

7. Avoid making assumptions—often, we think we know enough about a topic or maybe even more than theperson talking, so we jump ahead to the outcome. We assume we know what they’re referring to,thinking about, or even imagining, but this is a dangerous practice because it often leads tomisunderstandings. In fact, most logical fallacies are the result of assuming.

8. Strive for root cause analysis—getting at the root cause of something means to dig deeper and deeperuntil you discover why a problem or disagreement occurred. Sometimes, the most obvious or immediatecause for a problem is not actually the most significant one. Discovering the root cause can help toresolve the conflict or reveal that there isn’t one at all.

9. Avoid obstinacy—in the heat of a debate, it’s easy to dig in your heels and refuse to acknowledge whenyou’re wrong. Your argument is at stake, and so is your ego. However, it’s important to give credit whereit’s due and to say you’re wrong if you are. If you misquoted a fact or made an incorrect assumption,admit to it and move on.

10. Strive for resolution—while some people like to debate for the sake of debating, in the case of a trueconflict, both parties should seek agreement, or at least a truce. One way to do this is to listen more thanyou speak. Listen, listen, listen: you’ll learn and perhaps make better points of your own if you deeplyconsider the other point of view.

Online Civility

The Internet is the watershed innovation of our time. It provides incredible access to information andresources, helping us to connect in ways inconceivable just a few decades ago. But it also presents risks, andthese risks seem to be changing and increasing at the same rate as technology itself. Because of our regularaccess to the Internet, it’s important to create a safe, healthy, and enjoyable online space.

A N A L Y S I S Q U E S T I O N

Have you ever witnessed incivility in person or an argument in the news? Briefly describe whathappened. Why do you think individuals are willing to shut down communication over issues they arepassionate about?

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Figure 9.11 Microsoft’s Digital Civility Research survey asked people their opinions on the future of onlinebehavior and communication. While in some cases, the respondents thought circumstances would improve,predictions about the others, such as harassment and bullying, are more bleak. (Credit: Based on work fromMicrosoft, “Expectations for Digital Civility 2020.”[4])

In the survey conducted by Microsoft, “nearly 4 in 10 [respondents] feel unwanted online contact (39%),bullying (39%) and unwelcome sexual attention (39%) will worsen [in 2020]. A slightly smaller percentage (35%)expect people’s reputations, both professional and personal, will continue to be attacked online. One-quarter(25%) of respondents see improvement across each of these risk areas in 2020.”

Digital civility is the practice of leading with empathy and kindness in all online interactions and treating eachother with respect and dignity. This type of civility requires users to fully understand and appreciate potentialharms and to follow the new rules of the digital road. You can find a discussion on best practices for onlinecommunication, often referred to as Netiquette, in Chapter 8 on Communicating. Following, are some basicguidelines to help exercise digital civility:

• Live the “Golden Rule” and treat others with respect and dignity both online and off.• Respect differences of culture, geography, and opinion, and when disagreements surface, engage

thoughtfully.• Pause before replying to comments or posts you disagree with, and ensure responses are considerate

and free of name-calling and abuse.• Stand up for yourself and others if it’s safe and prudent to do so.

4 Expectations for Digital Civility. Note: Link leads to direct download.

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9.2 Categories of Diversity

Estimated completion time: 16 minutes.

Questions to consider:

• What is identity?• Can a person have more than one identity?• Can identity be ambiguous?• What are fluidity and intersectionality?

The multiple roles we play in life—student, sibling, employee, roommate, for example—are only a partialglimpse into our true identity. Right now, you may think, “I really don’t know what I want to be,” meaning youdon’t know what you want to do for a living, but have you ever tried to define yourself in terms of the sum ofyour parts?

Social roles are those identities we assume in relationship to others. Our social roles tend to shift based onwhere we are and who we are with. Taking into account your social roles as well as your nationality, ethnicity,race, friends, gender, sexuality, beliefs, abilities, geography, etc., who are you?

Who Am I?Popeye, a familiar 20th-century cartoon character, was a sailor-philosopher. He declared his own identity in acircular manner, landing us right where we started: “I am what I am and that’s all that I am.” Popeye proveshis existence rather than help us identify him. It is his title, “The Sailor Man,” that tells us how Popeye operatesin the social sphere.

According to the American Psychological Association, personal identity is an individual’s sense of self definedby (a) a set of physical, psychological, and interpersonal characteristics that is not wholly shared with any otherperson and (b) a range of affiliations (e.g., ethnicity) and social roles. Your identity is tied to the most dominantaspects of your background and personality.[5] It determines the lens through which you see the world and thelens through which you receive information.

A C T I V I T Y

Complete the following statement using no more than four words:

I am _______________________________.

It is difficult to narrow down our identity to just a few options. One way to complete the statement wouldbe to use gender and geography markers. For example, “I am a male New Englander” or “I am anAmerican woman.” Assuming they are true, no one can argue against those identities, but do thosestatements represent everything or at least most things that identify the speakers? Probably not.

Try finishing the statement again by using as many words as you wish.

I am ____________________________________.

5 APA Dictionary of Psychology https://dictionary.apa.org/identity proper citation to come

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To better understand identity, consider how social psychologists describe it. Social psychologists, those whostudy how social interactions take place, often categorize identity into four types: personal identity, roleidentity, social identity, and collective identity.

Personal identity captures what distinguishes one person from another based on life experiences. No twopeople, even identical twins, live the same life.

Role identity defines how we interact in certain situations. Our roles change from setting to setting, and so doour identities. At work you may be a supervisor; in the classroom you are a peer working collaboratively; athome, you may be the parent of a 10-year-old. In each setting, your bubbly personality may be the same, buthow your coworkers, classmates, and family see you is different.

Social identity shapes our public lives by our awareness of how we relate to certain groups. For example, anindividual might relate to or “identify with” Korean Americans, Chicagoans, Methodists, and Lakers fans. Theseidentities influence our interactions with others. Upon meeting someone, for example, we look for connectionsas to how we are the same or different. Our awareness of who we are makes us behave a certain way inrelation to others. If you identify as a hockey fan, you may feel an affinity for someone else who also loves thegame.

Collective identity refers to how groups form around a common cause or belief. For example, individuals maybond over similar political ideologies or social movements. Their identity is as much a physical formation as ashared understanding of the issues they believe in. For example, many people consider themselves part of thecollective energy surrounding the #metoo movement. Others may identify as fans of a specific type ofentertainment such as Trekkies, fans of the Star Trek series.

“I am large. I contain multitudes.” Walt WhitmanIn his epic poem Song of Myself, Walt Whitman writes, “Do I contradict myself? Very well then I contradictmyself (I am large. I contain multitudes.).” Whitman was asserting and defending his shifting sense of self andidentity. Those lines importantly point out that our identities may evolve over time. What we do and believetoday may not be the same tomorrow. Further, at any one moment, the identities we claim may seem at oddswith each other. Shifting identities are a part of personal growth. While we are figuring out who we truly areand what we believe, our sense of self and the image that others have of us may be unclear or ambiguous.

Many people are uncomfortable with identities that do not fit squarely into one category. How do you respondwhen someone’s identity or social role is unclear? Such ambiguity may challenge your sense of certainty aboutthe roles that we all play in relationship to one another. Racial, ethnic, and gender ambiguity, in particular, canchallenge some people’s sense of social order and social identity.

When we force others to choose only one category of identity (race, ethnicity, or gender, for example) to makeourselves feel comfortable, we do a disservice to the person who identifies with more than one group. Forinstance, people with multiracial ancestry are often told that they are too much of one and not enough ofanother.

If you ended up with a long string of descriptors that would be hard for a new acquaintance to manage,don’t worry. Our identities are complex and reflect that we lead interesting and multifaceted lives.

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The actor Keanu Reeves has a complex background. He was born in Beirut, Lebanon, to a white English motherand a father with Chinese-Hawaiian ancestry. His childhood was spent in Hawaii, Australia, New York, andToronto. Reeves considers himself Canadian and has publicly acknowledged influences from all aspects of hisheritage. Would you feel comfortable telling Keanu Reeves how he must identify racially and ethnically?

There is a question many people ask when they meet someone whom they cannot clearly identify by checkinga specific identity box. Inappropriate or not, you have probably heard people ask, “What are you?” Would itsurprise you if someone like Keanu Reeves shrugged and answered, “I’m just me”?

Malcom Gladwell is an author of five New York Times best-sellers and is hailed as one of Foreign Policy’s TopGlobal Thinkers. He has spoken on his experience with identity as well. Gladwell has a black Jamaican motherand a white Irish father. He often tells the story of how the perception of his hair has allowed him to straddleracial groups. As long as he kept his hair cut very short, his fair skin obscured his black ancestry, and he wasmost often perceived as white. However, once he let his hair grow long into a curly Afro style, Gladwell says hebegan being pulled over for speeding tickets and stopped at airport check-ins. His racial expression carriedserious consequences.

Figure 9.12 Writer Malcolm Gladwell’s racial expression has impacted his treatment by others and hiseveryday experiences. (Credit: Kris Krug, Pop!Tech / Flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC-BY 2.0))

Gender

More and more, gender is also a diversity category that we increasingly understand to be less clearly defined.Some people identify themselves as gender fluid or non-binary. “Binary” refers to the notion that gender isonly one of two possibilities, male or female. Fluidity suggests that there is a range or continuum ofexpression. Gender fluidity acknowledges that a person may vacillate between male and female identity.

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Asia Kate Dillon is an American actor and the first non-binary actor to perform in a major television show withtheir roles on Orange is the New Black and Billions. In an article about the actor, a reporter conducting theinterview describes his struggle with trying to describe Dillon to the manager of the restaurant where the twoplanned to meet. The reporter and the manger struggle with describing someone who does not fit a pre-defined notion of gender identity. Imagine the situation: You’re meeting someone at a restaurant for the firsttime, and you need to describe the person to a manager. Typically, the person’s gender would be a part of thedescription, but what if the person cannot be described as a man or a woman?

Figure 9.13 Asia Kate Dillon is a non-binary actor best known for their roles on Orange Is the New Black andBillions. (Credit: Billions Official Youtube Channel / Wikimedia Commons / Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY 3.0))

Within any group, individuals obviously have a right to define themselves; however, collectively, a group’s self-determination is also important. The history of black Americans demonstrates a progression of self-determined labels: Negro, Afro-American, colored, black, African American. Similarly, in the nonbinarycommunity, self-described labels have evolved. Nouns such as genderqueer and pronouns such as hir, ze, andMx. (instead of Miss, Mrs. or Mr.) have entered not only our informal lexicon, but the dictionary as well.

Merriam-Webster’s dictionary includes a definition of “they” that denotes a nonbinaryidentity, that is, someone who fluidly moves between male and female identities.

Transgender men and women were assigned a gender identity at birth that does not fit their true identity.Even though our culture is increasingly giving space to non-heteronormative (straight) people to speak outand live openly, they do so at a risk. Violence against gay, nonbinary, and transgender people occurs at morefrequent rates than for other groups.

To make ourselves feel comfortable, we often want people to fall into specific categories so that our own socialidentity is clear. However, instead of asking someone to make us feel comfortable, we should accept theidentity people choose for themselves. Cultural competency includes respectfully addressing individuals asthey ask to be addressed.

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Table Gender Pronoun Examples

Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive Example

She Her Hers Herself She is speaking.

I listened to her.

The backpack is hers.

He Him His Himself He is speaking.

I listened to him.

The backpack is his.

They Them Theirs Themself They are speaking.

I listened to them.

The backpack is theirs.

Ze Hir/Zir Hirs/Zirs Hirself/Zirself Ze is speaking.

I listened to hir.

The backpack is zirs.

Table 9.1 The website Transstudent.org provides educational resources such as the above graphic for anyoneseeking clarity on gender identity. Note that these are only examples of some gender pronouns, not acomplete list.

Intersectionality

The many layers of our multiple identities do not fit together like puzzle pieces with clear boundaries betweenone piece and another. Our identities overlap, creating a combined identity in which one aspect is inseparablefrom the next.

The term intersectionality was coined by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989 to describe how theexperience of black women was a unique combination of gender and race that could not be divided into twoseparate identities. In other words, this group could not be seen solely as women or solely as black; wheretheir identities overlapped is considered the “intersection,” or crossroads, where identities combine in specificand inseparable ways.

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Figure 9.14 Our identities are formed by dozens of factors, sometimes represented in intersection wheels.Consider the subset of identity elements represented here. Generally, the outer ring are elements that maychange relatively often, while the inner circle are often considered more permanent. (There are certainlyexceptions.) How does each contribute to who you are, and how would possible change alter your self-definedidentity?

Intersectionality and awareness of intersectionality can drive societal change, both in how people seethemselves and how they interact with others. That experience can be very inward-facing, or can be moreexternal. It can also lead to debate and challenges. For example, the term “Latinx” is growing in use because itis seen as more inclusive than “Latino/Latina,” but some people—including scholars and advocates—lay outsubstantive arguments against its use. While the debate continues, it serves as an important reminder of a keyelement of intersectionality: Never assume that all people in a certain group or population feel the same way.Why not? Because people are more than any one element of their identity; they are defined by more than theirrace, color, geographic origin, gender, or socio-economic status. The overlapping aspects of each person’sidentity and experiences will create a unique perspective.

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9.3 Navigating the Diversity Landscape

Estimated completion time: 22 minutes.

Questions to consider:

• What happens when we make assumptions about others?• Are microaggressions honest mistakes?• How do I know if I have a diversity “problem”?• How important is diversity awareness in the college classroom?

Avoid Making AssumptionsBy now you should be aware of the many ways diversity can be both observable and less apparent. Based onsurface clues, we may be able to approximate someone’s age, weight, and perhaps their geographical origin,but even with those observable characteristics, we cannot be sure about how individuals define themselves. Ifwe rely too heavily on assumptions, we may be buying into stereotypes, or generalizations.

Stereotyping robs people of their individual identities. If we buy into stereotypes, we project a profile ontosomeone that probably is not true. Prejudging people without knowing them, better known as prejudice orbias, has consequences for both the person who is biased and the individual or group that is prejudged. Insuch a scenario, the intimacy of real human connections is lost. Individuals are objectified, meaning that theyonly serve as symbolic examples of who we assume they are instead of the complex, intersectional individualswe know each person to be.

Stereotyping may be our way of avoiding others’ complexities. When we stereotype, we do not have toremember distinguishing details about a person. We simply write their stories for ourselves and let thosestories fulfill who we expect those individuals to be. For example, a hiring manager may project onto an AsianAmerican the stereotype of being good at math, and hire her as a researcher over her Hispanic counterpart.Similarly, an elementary school teacher may recruit an Indian American sixth-grader to the spelling bee teambecause many Indian American students have won national tournaments in the recent past. A real estatedeveloper may hire a gay man as an interior designer because he has seen so many gay men performing thisjob on television programs. A coach chooses a white male student to be a quarterback because traditionally,quarterbacks have been white men. In those scenarios, individuals of other backgrounds, with similar abilities,may have been overlooked because they do not fit the stereotype of who others suspect them to be.

A N A L Y S I S Q U E S T I O N

Consider the intersectionality of race, gender, and sexuality; religion, ethnicity, and geography; militaryexperience; age and socioeconomic status; and many other ways our identities overlap. Consider howthese overlap in you.

Do you know people who talk easily about their various identities? How does it inform the way youinteract with them?

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Earlier in this chapter, equity and inclusion were discussed as going hand in hand with achieving civility anddiversity. In the above scenarios, equity and inclusion are needed as guiding principles for those with decision-making power who are blocking opportunity for nontraditional groups. Equity might be achieved by giving adiverse group of people access to internships to demonstrate their skills. Inclusion might be achieved byassembling a hiring or recruiting committee that might have a better chance of seeing beyond stereotypicalexpectations.

Being civil and inclusive does not require a deep-seated knowledge of the backgrounds and perspectives ofeveryone you meet. That would be impossible. But avoiding assumptions and being considerate will buildbetter relationships and provide a more effective learning experience. It takes openness and self-awarenessand sometimes requires help or advice, but learning to be sensitive—practicing assumption avoidance—is likea muscle you can strengthen.

Be Mindful of MicroaggressionsWhether we mean to or not, we sometimes offend people by not thinking about what we say and the mannerin which we say it. One danger of limiting our social interactions to people who are from our own social groupis in being insensitive to people who are not like us. The term microaggression refers to acts of insensitivity that

A P P L I C A T I O N

Often, our assumptions and their impacts are not life-changing, but they can be damaging to others andlimiting to our own understanding. Consider the following scenarios, and answer the questions thatfollow.

Scenario 1:

During an in-class conversation about a new mission to explore Mars, two classmates offer opinions.

• Student A says, “We should focus on this planet before we focus on others.”• Student B responds immediately with, “If we’re going to stop climate change, we’ll probably find the

answer through science related to space travel.”

What assumption did student B make about student A’s point? What else, aside from climate change,could student A have been considering?

Scenario 2:

For an important group project, an instructor designates teams of six students and gives them time toset up their work schedule for the assignment. One group of students, most of whom don’t know eachother well, agrees to meet two nights later. They initially propose to get together in the library, but at thelast moment one member suggests an off-campus restaurant; several of the others agree right away andmove on to other topics. The remaining two students look at each other uncomfortably. One interjects,suggesting they go back to the original idea of meeting in the library, but the others are already gettingup to leave. It’s clear that two of the students are uncomfortable meeting at the restaurant.

What might be the reason that two of the students are not comfortable meeting over dinner? Whatassumptions did the others make?

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reveal our inherent biases, cultural incompetency, and hostility toward someone outside of our community.Those biases can be toward race, gender, nationality, or any other diversity variable. The individual on thereceiving end of a microaggression is reminded of the barriers to complete acceptance and understanding inthe relationship. Let’s consider an example.

Ann is new to her office job. Her colleagues are friendly and helpful, and her first two months have beenpromising. She uncovered a significant oversight in a financial report, and, based on her attention to detail,was put on a team working with a large client. While waiting in line at the cafeteria one day, Ann’s new bossoverhears her laughing and talking loudly with some colleagues. He then steps into the conversation, saying,“Ann, this isn’t a night at one of your clubs. Quiet down.” As people from the nearby tables look on, Ann ishumiliated and angered.

What was Ann’s manager implying? What could he have meant by referring to “your clubs?” How would youfeel if such a comment were openly directed at you? One reaction to this interaction might be to say, “Sowhat? Why let other people determine how you feel? Ignore them.” While that is certainly reasonable, it mayignore the pain and invalidation of the experience. And even if you could simply ignore some of thesecomments, there is a compounding effect of being frequently, if not constantly, barraged by such experiences.

Consider the table below, which highlights common examples of microaggressions. In many cases, the personspeaking these phrases may not mean to be offensive. In fact, in some cases the speaker might think they arebeing nice. However, appropriate terminology and other attitudes or acceptable descriptions change all thetime. Before saying something, consider how a person could take the words differently than you meant them.As we discussed in Chapter 8, emotional intelligence and empathy can help understand another’s perspective.

Microaggressions

Category Microaggression Why It’s Offensive

“You’re an athlete; you don’tneed to study.”

Stereotypes athletes and ignores their hard work.

“You don’t get financial aid; youmust be rich.

”Even an assumption of privilege can be invalidating.

EducationalStatus orSituation

“Did they have honors classesat your high school?”

Implies that someone is less prepared or intelligentbased on their geography.

You speak so well for someonelike you.”

Implies that people of a certain race/ethnicity can’tspeak well.

“No, where are you reallyfrom?”

Calling attention to someone’s national origin makesthem feel separate.“

Race,Ethnicity,NationalOrigin“

You must be good at _____.” Falsely connects identity to ability.

Table 9.2 Have you made statements like these, perhaps without realizing the offense they might cause? Someof these could be intended as compliments, but they could have the unintended effect of diminishing orinvalidating someone. (Credit: Modification of work by Derald Wing Sue[6].)

6 Adapted from Sue, Derald Wing, Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender and Sexual Orientation, Wiley & Sons, 2010

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Microaggressions

Category Microaggression Why It’s Offensive

“My people had it so muchworse than yours did.”

Makes assumptions and diminishes suffering/difficulty.

“I’m not even going to try yourname. It looks too difficult.”

Dismisses a person’s culture and heritage.

“It’s so much easier for blackpeople to get into college.”

Assumes that merit is not the basis for achievement.

“They’re so emotional.” Assumes a person cannot be emotional and rational.

“I guess you can’t meet tonightbecause you have to take careof your son?”

Assumes a parent (of any gender) cannot participate.

“I don’t get all this pronounstuff, so I’m just gonna call youwhat I call you.”

Diminishes the importance of gender identity; indicatesa lack of empathy.

“I can’t even tell you used to bea woman.”

Conflates identity with appearance, and assumes aperson needs someone else’s validation.

Gender andGenderIdentity

“You’re too good-looking to beso smart.”

Connects outward appearance to ability.

“I support you; just don’t throwit in my face.”

Denies another person’s right to express their identityor point of view.

“You seem so rugged for a gayguy.”

Stereotypes all gay people as being “not rugged,” andcould likely offend the recipient.

“I might try being a lesbian.” May imply that sexual orientation is a choice.

“I can’t even keep track of allthese new categories.”

SexualOrientation

“You can’t just love whomeveryou want; pick one.”

Bisexual, pansexual, asexual, and other sexualorientations are just as valid and deserving of respectas more binary orientations.

Age “Are you going to need helpwith the software?”

May stereotype an older person as lacking experiencewith the latest technology.

Table 9.2 Have you made statements like these, perhaps without realizing the offense they might cause? Someof these could be intended as compliments, but they could have the unintended effect of diminishing orinvalidating someone. (Credit: Modification of work by Derald Wing Sue.)

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Microaggressions

Category Microaggression Why It’s Offensive

“Young people have it so easynowadays.”

Makes a false comparison between age andexperience.

“Okay, boomer.” Dismisses an older generation as out of touch.

“I bet no one messes with you.” Projects a tendency to be aggressive onto a person oflarge stature.

“You are so cute and tiny.” Condescending to a person of small stature.

Size

“I wish I was thin and perfectlike you.”

Equates a person’s size with character.

(To a person using awheelchair) “I wish I could sitdown wherever I went.”

Falsely assumes a wheelchair is a luxury; minimizesdisabilities.

“You don’t have to completethe whole test. Just do yourbest.”

Assumes that a disability means limited intellectualpotential.

Ability

“I’m blind without my glasses.” Equating diminished capacity with a true disability.

Table 9.2 Have you made statements like these, perhaps without realizing the offense they might cause? Someof these could be intended as compliments, but they could have the unintended effect of diminishing orinvalidating someone. (Credit: Modification of work by Derald Wing Sue.)

Everyone Has a Problem: Implicit BiasOne reason we fall prey to stereotypes is our own implicit bias. Jo Handelsman and Natasha Sakraney, whodeveloped science and technology policy during the Obama administration, defined implicit bias.

According to Handelsman and Sakraney, “A lifetime of experience and cultural history shapes people and theirjudgments of others. Research demonstrates that most people hold unconscious, implicit assumptions thatinfluence their judgments and perceptions of others. Implicit bias manifests in expectations or assumptionsabout physical or social characteristics dictated by stereotypes that are based on a person’s race, gender, age,or ethnicity. People who intend to be fair, and believe they are egalitarian, apply biases unintentionally. Somebehaviors that result from implicit bias manifest in actions, and others are embodied in the absence of action;either can reduce the quality of the workforce and create an unfair and destructive environment.”[7]

The notion of bias being “implicit,” or unconsciously embedded in our thoughts and actions, is what makesthis characteristic hard to recognize and evaluate. You may assume that you hold no racial bias, but messagesfrom our upbringing, social groups, and media can feed us negative racial stereotypes no matter how carefully

7 Handlesman, Jo and Sakraney, Natasha. White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/bias_9-14-15_final.pdf.

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we select and consume information. Further, online environments have algorithms that reduce our exposureto diverse points of view. Psychologists generally agree that implicit bias affects the judgements we makeabout others.

Harvard University’s Project Implicit website offers an interactive implicit association test that measuresindividual preference for characteristics such as weight, skin color, and gender. During the test, participantsare asked to match a series of words and images with positive or negative associations. Test results,researchers suggest, can indicate the extent to which there is implicit bias in favor of or against a certaingroup. Completing a test like this might reveal unconscious feelings you were previously aware you had.

The researchers who developed the test make clear that there are limitations to its validity and that for some,the results of the test can be unsettling. The test makers advise not taking the test if you feel unprepared toreceive unexpected results.

Cultural Competency in the College ClassroomWe carry our attitudes about gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, and other diversity categories with uswherever we go. The college classroom is no different than any other place. Both educators and studentsmaintain their implicit bias and are sometimes made uncomfortable by interacting with people different thanthemselves. Take for example a female freshman who has attended a school for girls for six years beforecollege. She might find being in the classroom with her new male classmates a culture shock and dismiss malestudents’ contributions to class discussions. Similarly, a homeschooled student may be surprised to find thatno one on campus shares his religion. He may feel isolated in class until he finds other students of similarbackground and experience. Embedded in your classroom may be peers who are food insecure,undocumented, veterans, atheist, Muslim, or politically liberal or conservative. These identities may not bevisible, but they still may separate and even marginalize these members of your community. If, in the contextof classroom conversations, their perspectives are overlooked, they may also feel very isolated.

In each case, the students’ assumptions, previous experience with diversity of any kind, and implicit biassurface. How each student reacts to the new situation can differ. One reaction might be to self-segregate, thatis, locate people they believe are similar to them based on how they look, the assumption being that thosepeople will share the same academic skills, cultural interests, and personal values that make the student feelcomfortable. The English instructor at the beginning of this chapter who assumed all of his students were thesame demonstrated how this strategy could backfire.

You do not have to be enrolled in a course related to diversity, such as Asian American literature, to beconcerned about diversity in the classroom. Diversity touches all aspects of our lives and can enter a

A P P L I C A T I O N

Take the Project Implicit (https://openstax.org/l/IAT) test and write a brief passage about your results.

Do you think the results accurately reflect your attitude toward the group you tested on? Can you pointto any actions or thoughts you have about the group you tested on that are or are not reflected in thetest results? Will you change any behaviors or try to think differently about the group you tested onbased on your results? Why or why not?

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curriculum or discussion at any time because each student and the instructor bring multiple identities andconcerns into the classroom. Ignoring these concerns, which often reveal themselves as questions, makes foran unfulfilling educational experience.

In higher education, diversity includes not only the identities we have discussed such as race and gender, butalso academic preparation and ability, learning differences, familiarity with technology, part-time status,language, and other factors students bring with them. Of course, the instructor, too, brings diversity into theclassroom setting. They decide how to incorporate diverse perspectives into class discussions, maintain rulesof civility, choose inclusive materials to study or reference, receive training on giving accommodations tostudents who need them, and acknowledge their own implicit bias. If they are culturally competent, bothstudents and instructors are juggling many concerns.

How do you navigate diversity in the college classroom?

Academic Freedom Allows for Honest Conversations

Academic freedom applies to the permission instructors and students have to follow a line of intellectualinquiry without the fear of censorship or sanction. There are many heavily contested intellectual and culturaldebates that, for some, are not resolved. A student who wants to argue against prevailing opinion has theright to do so based on academic freedom. Many point to a liberal bias on college campuses. Conservativepoints of view on immigration, education, and even science, are often not accepted on campus as readily asliberal viewpoints. An instructor or student who wants to posit a conservative idea, however, has the right todo so because of academic freedom.

Uncomfortable conversations about diversity are a part of the college classroom landscape. For example, astudent might use statistical data to argue that disparities in degrees for men and women in chemistry reflectan advantage in analytical ability for men. While many would disagree with that theory, the student couldpursue that topic in a discussion or paper as long as they use evidence and sound, logical reasoning.

“I’m just me.”

Remember the response to the “What are you?” question for people whose racial or gender identity wasambiguous? “I’m just me” also serves those who are undecided about diversity issues or those who do not fallinto hard categories such as feminist, liberal, conservative, or religious. Ambiguity sometimes makes othersfeel uncomfortable. For example, if someone states she is a Catholic feminist unsure about abortion rights,another student may wonder how to compare her own strong pro-life position to her classmate’s uncertainty.It would be much easier to know exactly which side her classmate is on. Some people straddle the fence on bigissues, and that is OK. You do not have to fit neatly into one school of thought. Answer your detractors with“I’m just me,” or tell them if you genuinely don’t know enough about an issue or are not ready to take astrong position.

Seek Resources and Projects That Contribute to Civility

A culturally responsive curriculum addresses cultural and ethnic differences of students. Even in classroomsfull of minority students, the textbooks and topics may only reflect American cultural norms determined by themainstream and tradition. Students may not relate to teaching that never makes reference to their socio-economic background, race, or their own way of thinking and expression. Educators widely believe that aculturally responsive curriculum, one that integrates relatable contexts for learning and reinforces cultural

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norms of the students receiving the information, makes a difference.

The K-12 classroom is different than the college classroom. Because of academic freedom, college instructorsare not required to be culturally inclusive. (They are usually required to be respectful and civil, but there aredifferent interpretations of those qualities.) Because American colleges are increasingly more sensitive toissues regarding diversity, faculty are compelled to be inclusive. Still, diversity is not always adequatelyaddressed. In his TED “Talk Can Art Amend History?” the artist Titus Kaphar tells the story of the art historyclass that influenced him to become an artist and provides an example of this absence of diversity in thecollege classroom. Kaphar explains that his instructor led his class through important periods and artiststhroughout history, but failed to spend time on black artists, something that Kaphar was anxiously awaiting.The instructor stated that there was just not enough time to cover it. While the professor probably did notintend to be noninclusive, her choice resulted in just that. Kaphar let his disappointment fuel his passion andmission to amend the representation of black figures in historical paintings. His work brings to light theunnoticed black figures that are too often overlooked.

Figure 9.15 In Twisted Tropes, Titus Kaphar reworks a painting to bring a black figure to the forefront of anarrangement in which she had previously been marginalized. (Credit: smallcurio / Flickr / Attribution 2.0Generic (CC-BY 2.0))

Any student can respond to a lack of diversity in a curriculum as Titus Kaphar did. Where you find diversitymissing, when possible, fill in the gaps with research papers and projects that broaden your exposure todiverse perspectives. Take the time to research contributions in your field by underrepresented groups.Discover the diversity issues relevant to your major. Are women well-represented in your field? Is there equitywhen it comes to access to opportunities such as internships? Are veterans welcomed? Do the academicsocieties in your discipline have subgroups or boards focused on diversity and equity? (Most do.) Resourcesfor expanding our understanding and inclusion of diversity issues are all around us.

Directly Confront Prejudice

To draw our attention to possible danger, the Department of Homeland Security has adopted the phrase, “If

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you see something, say something.” That credo can easily be adopted to confront stereotypes and bias: “Ifyou hear something, say something.” Academic freedom protects students and instructors from reprisal forhaving unpopular opinions, but prejudice is never correct, nor should it be tolerated. Do not confuse hatespeech, such as sexist language, anti-Semitism, xenophobia, and acts that reflect those points of view, withacademic freedom. Yes, the classroom is a place to discuss these attitudes, but it is not a place to direct thosesentiments toward fellow students, educators, or society in general.

Most higher education institutions have mission statements and codes of conduct that warn students aboutengaging in such behavior. The consequences for violators are usually probation and possibly dismissal.Further policies such as affirmative action and Title IX are instituted to evaluate and maintain racial andgender equity.

Affirmative Action and Higher Education

Affirmative action is a policy that began during the John F. Kennedy administration to eliminate discriminationin employment. Since that time, it has expanded as a policy to protect from discrimination in a number ofcontexts, including higher education. Most notably in higher education, affirmative action has been used tocreate equity in access. Institutions have used affirmative action as a mandate of sorts in admission policies tocreate diverse student bodies. Colleges sometimes overlook traditional admissions criteria and usesocioeconomic and historical disparities in education equity as criteria to admit underrepresented groups.Affirmative action is a federal requirement to be met by entities that contract with the federal government;most colleges are federal government contractors and must adhere to the policy by stating a timeline by whichits affirmative action goals are met.

Many interpret “goals” as quotas, meaning that a certain number of students from underrepresented groupswould be admitted, presumably to meet affirmative action requirements. Opposition to affirmative action incollege admissions has been pursued in several well-known court cases.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

This 1978 case resulted in a U.S. Supreme Court decision to allow race to be used as one of the criteria inhigher education admission policies as long as quotas were not established and race was not the only criterionfor admission. The case stemmed from Alan Bakke, an applicant to the University of California at Davis MedicalSchool, suing the university because he was not admitted but had higher test scores and grades than minoritystudents who had been accepted. Lawyers for Bakke referenced the same equal protection clause of the 14thAmendment used to desegregate public schools in Brown v. Board of Education. The “reverse discrimination”denied him equal protection under the law.

A P P L I C A T I O N

No one knows when a racist or sexist attack is coming. The Barnard Center for Research on Women hascreated a video suggesting ways to be an ally to people victimized by intolerant behavior(https://openstax.org/l/dontbeabystander) .

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Fisher v. University of Texas

In 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court decided another affirmative action case regarding Fisher v. University ofTexas. Abigail Fisher also argued that she had been denied college admission based on race. The case endedin favor of the university. Justice Kennedy, in the majority opinion, wrote:

“A university is in large part defined by those intangible “qualities which are incapable ofobjective measurement but which make for greatness.” Considerable deference is owed to auniversity in defining those intangible characteristics, like student body diversity, that arecentral to its identity and educational mission.”

In each of the above landmark cases, affirmative action in college admission policies were upheld. However,cases of reverse discrimination in college admission policies continue to be pursued.

Title IX and Higher Education

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 states, “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex,be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under anyeducation program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” As with affirmative action, Title IX appliesto institutions that receive federal funding, such as public and charter schools, for-profit schools, libraries, andmuseums in the United States and its territories.

According to the Office for Civil Rights, educational programs and activities receiving federal funds mustoperate in a nondiscriminatory manner. Title IX addresses recruitment, admissions, and counseling; financialassistance; athletics; sex-based harassment; treatment of pregnant and parenting students; discipline; single-sex education; and employment.

Before the enactment of Title IX, there were few if any protections provided for women college students. Togive some perspective, consider this description of the circumstances:

“Young women were not admitted into many colleges and universities, athletic scholarships for women wererare, and math and science was a realm reserved for boys. Girls square danced instead of playing sports,studied home economics instead of training for 'male-oriented' (read: higher-paying) trades. Girls couldbecome teachers and nurses, but not doctors or principals; women rarely were awarded tenure and evenmore rarely appointed college presidents. There was no such thing as sexual harassment because 'boys will beboys,' after all, and if a student got pregnant, her formal education ended. Graduate professional schoolsopenly discriminated against women.”[8]

A N A L Y S I S Q U E S T I O N

Examine your college’s code of conduct. You may find it in your student handbook, as part of an office ofcommunity standards or engagement, or by simply searching your college site. How does the code ofconduct protect academic freedom but guard against hate speech, prejudice, and intolerance?

8 WInslow, Barbara. “The Impact of Title IX.” Gilder-Lerhman Institute. https://faculty.uml.edu/sgallagher/The_Impact_of_Title_IX-_GilderLehrman.pdf

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The protections of Title IX have been invoked in college athletics to ensure women’s athletic programs aresustained. In addition, schools must make efforts to prevent sexual harassment and violence. Genderdiscrimination under Title IX extends to the protection of transgender students so that they are treated as thegender they identify with.

9.4 Inclusivity and Civility: What Role Can I Play?

Estimated completion time: 10 minutes.

Questions to consider:

• Is it my fault that I have privilege?• How long will diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts continue?• What is to be gained by cultural competency?

Privilege Is Not Just for White PeoplePrivilege is a right or exemption from liability or duty granted as a special benefit or advantage. Oppression isthe result of the “use of institutional privilege and power, wherein one person or group benefits at theexpense of another,”[9] according to the University of Southern California Suzanne Dworak Peck School ofSocial Work.

Just as everyone has implicit bias, everyone has a certain amount of privilege, too. For example, consider theprivilege brought by being a certain height. If someone's height is close to the average height, they likely havea privilege of convenience when it comes to many day-to-day activities. A person of average height does notneed assistance reaching items on high store shelves and does not need adjustments to their car to reach thebrake pedal. There’s nothing wrong with having this privilege, but recognizing it, especially when consideringothers who do not share it, can be eye-opening and empowering.

Wealthy people have privilege of not having to struggle economically. The wealthy can build retirementsavings, can afford to live in the safest of neighborhoods, and can afford to pay out of pocket for theirchildren’s private education. People with a college education and advanced degrees are privileged because acollege degree allows for a better choice of employment and earning potential. Their privilege doesn’t erasethe hard work and sacrifice necessary to earn those degrees, but the degrees often lead to advantages. And,yes, white people are privileged over racial minorities. Remember Malcolm Gladwell’s explanation of how hewas treated when people assumed he was white as opposed to how people treated him when they assumed

A N A L Y S I S Q U E S T I O N

Based on the cases against affirmative action in higher education, are admissions policies that use race,along with other factors, as admissions criteria fair? What other options do you think would create equityin admissions?

9 Golbach, Jeremy. “A Guide to Discussion Identity, Power, and Priveledge.” https://msw.usc.edu/mswusc-blog/diversity-workshop-guide-to-discussing-identity-power-and-privilege/

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he was black?

It is no one’s fault that they may have privilege in any given situation. In pursuit of civility, diversity, equity, andinclusion, the goal is to not exploit privilege but to share it. What does that mean? It means that when given anopportunity to hire a new employee or even pick someone for your study group, you make an effort to beinclusive and not dismiss someone who has not had the same academic advantages as you. Perhaps you couldmentor a student who might otherwise feel isolated. Sharing your privilege could also mean recognizing whendiversity is absent, speaking out on issues others feel intimidated about supporting, and making donations tocauses you find worthy.

In pursuit of civility, diversity, equity, and inclusion, the goal is to not exploit privilege but toshare it.

When you are culturally competent, you become aware of how your privilege may put others at adisadvantage. With some effort, you can level the playing field without making yourself vulnerable to fallingbehind.

“Eternal vigilance is the price of civility.”The original statement reads, “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.” History sometimes credits thatstatement to Thomas Jefferson and sometimes to Wendell Holmes. Ironically, no one was paying enoughattention to document it accurately. Still, the meaning is clear—if we relax our standards, we may loseeverything.

Civility is like liberty; it requires constant attention. We have to adjust diversity awareness, policies, and laws toaccommodate the ever-changing needs of society. Without the vigilance of civil rights workers, society couldhave lapsed back into the Jim Crow era. Without activists such as Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, and FloKennedy remaining vigilant, women might not have made the gains they did in the 1970s. Constant attentionis still needed because in the case of women’s earning power, they only make about 80 cents for every dollar aman makes. Constant vigilance requires passion and persistence. The activism chronologies of NativeAmericans, African Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBTQ+ community, immigrants, students, labor, andother groups is full of stops and starts, twists and turns that represent adjustments to their movements basedon the shifting needs of younger generations. As long as there are new generations of these groups, we willneed to pursue diversity, equity, and inclusion.

Your Future and Cultural CompetencyWhere will you be in five years? Will you own your own business? Will you be a stay-at-home parent? Will yoube making your way up the corporate ladder of your dream job? Will you be pursuing an advanced degree?Maybe you will have settled into an entry-level job with good benefits and be willing to stay there for a while.

A P P L I C A T I O N

Think about a regular activity such as going to a class. In what ways are you privileged in that situation?How can you share your privilege with others?

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Wherever life leads you in the future, you will need to be culturally competent. Your competency will be avaluable skill not only because of the increasing diversity and awareness in America, but also because we livein a world with increasing global connections.

If you do not speak a second language, try to learn one. If you can travel, do so, even if it’s to another state orregion of the United States. See how others live in order to understand their experience and yours. To quoteMark Twain, “Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness.” The more we expose ourselves todifferent cultures and experiences, the more understanding and tolerance we tend to have.

The United States is not perfect in its practice of diversity, equity, and inclusion. Still, compared to much of theworld, Americans are privileged on a number of fronts. Not everyone can pursue their dreams as freely asAmericans do. Our democratic elections and representative government give us a role in our future.

Understanding diversity and being culturally competent will make for a better future for everyone.

Summary

Understanding diversity, especially in the context of our country’s history, is an important part of being anengaged citizen who can help us to adapt to a changing world. Diversity goes hand in hand with the conceptsof equity and inclusion, which increase the chances of equal opportunity and representation. Sometimescreating inclusive communities upsets the social order with which people are familiar. Change can be difficult,and people are passionate. These passions can disrupt communities and communication with uncivil behavior,or people can “fight fair” and use strategies that allow for the smooth exchange of ideas.

Everyone has a personal identity made up of various aspects and experiences—intersectionality. Someelements of identity place people in a diversity category. Some categories are expansive and well understood;others are new and may face scrutiny. Policies and laws have been put in place to protect underrepresentedcitizens from discrimination. These standards are constantly being challenged to make sure that they allow forthe shifting demographics of the United States and shifting values of its citizens.

Cultural competency, which includes our ability to adapt to diversity, is a valuable skill in our communities andworkplaces. The more culturally competent we are, the more we can help safeguard diversity and makeequitable and inclusive connections on a global scale.

Career Connection

Keisha went to a temp agency to sign up for part-time work. The person in charge there gave her several testson office skills. She checked Keisha’s typing speed, her ability to handle phone calls, and her writing skills.Keisha also took a grammar test and a test about how to handle disputes in the office. The tester also hadKeisha answer questions about whether it was OK to take home office supplies and other appropriate thingsto do and not to do.

The tester told Keisha that she scored very well on the evaluations, but she never called Keisha back for a jobor even an interview. Keisha knows that she presented herself well, but wonders if she was not called backbecause she wears her hair in dreadlocks or because she has been told that her name sounds AfricanAmerican?

Reflection questions:

• Can this student say that she was discriminated against?

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• What would you do to determine why you were not called back for a job?• Should Keisha ask about how her name and appearance were received?

Rethinking

Revisit the questions you answered at the beginning of the chapter, and consider one option you learned inthis chapter that might make you rethink how you answered each one. Has this chapter prompted you toconsider changing any of your feelings or practices?

Rank the following questions on a scale of 1–4. 1 = “least like me” and 4 = “most like me.”

1. I'm aware of the different categories of diversity and the various populations I may encounter.2. I think we sometimes go too far in trying to be sensitive to different groups.3. I think nearly everybody in our society has equal opportunity.4. It’s not my role to ensure equity and inclusiveness among my peers or colleagues.

Where do you go from here?

This chapter touched on many elements of civility and diversity, and mentioned a wide array of groups,identities, and populations. But the chapter certainly did not explore every concept or reflect every group youmay encounter. In a similar way, you can’t know everything about everyone, but you can build culturalcompetency and understanding to make people feel included and deepen your abilities and relationships.

Sometimes learning about one group or making one person feel comfortable can be as important asaddressing a larger population. To that end, consider researching or discussing one of the following topics toincrease your level of civility and understanding:

• Appropriate terminology and ways to address members of certain populations. For example, ways toproperly describe people with certain disabilities, or discuss issues around racial or gender identity.

• Discussions or debates related to civility and intersectionality, such as whether “Latinx” should be usedinstead of “Latino/Latina,” or whether certain sports team mascots can be considered offensive.

• Major historical figures or events related to a certain group.• Academic majors and research centers/groups related to aspects of diversity.• Historical events at your college or in your city related to civil rights.

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