ResearchChapter_06.ppt

Qualitative Approaches to Research

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Process of learning and constructing the meaning of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience
Rests on the assumption that there is a structure and essence to shared experiences that can be narrated

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Research question
Researcher’s perspective
Sample selection

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Data saturation- the situation of obtaining the full range of themes from the participants, so that in interviewing additional participants, no new data are emerging.

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Read the participants’ narratives
Extract significant statements
Formulate meanings for each of these significant statements
Repeat this process
Integrate the resulting themes
Reduce these themes to an essential structure
Return to the participants to conduct further interviews

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Inductive approach involving a systematic set of procedures to arrive at a theory about basic social processes
Widely used by social scientists, largely because it describes a research approach to construct theory where no theory exists or in situations where existing theory fails to provide evidence to explain a set of circumstances

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Identifying phenomena
Structuring the study
Data gathering
Data analysis
Theoretical sampling
Constant comparative method
Describing the findings

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Focuses on scientific description and interpretation of cultural or social groups and systems
The goal of the ethnographer is to understand the research participants’ views of their world, or the emic view.
Emic (insiders’) view differs from etic (outsiders’) view, which is obtained when the researcher uses quantitative analyses of behavior.

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The view of the person experiencing the phenomenon and reflective of culture, values, beliefs, and experiences
What is it like to experience a particular phenomenon or to be part of a specific culture?

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Use quotes from participants
Group concepts into themes
Themes: labels that assist the reader in understanding an experience from the emic (insiders’) perspective

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Trustworthiness describes the credibility and validity of qualitative research.
The researcher promotes trustworthiness by using quotes to illustrate the richness of the data and to establish a relationship between the themes identified and the data.

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Phenomenon of interest

What is the phenomenon of interest, and is it clearly stated?

What is the justification for using a qualitative method?

What are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method?

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Purpose

What is the purpose of the study?

What is the possible significance of the work to nursing?

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Method

Is the method used to collect data compatible with the purpose of the research?

Is the method adequate to address the phenomenon of interest?

If a particular approach is used to guide the inquiry, is the study completed according to the processes described?

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Sampling

What type of sampling is used? Is it appropriate given the particular method?

Are the participants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?

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Data collection

Are data focused on human experience?

Does the researcher describe data collection strategies (e.g., interview, observation, field notes)?

Is protection of participants addressed?

Is saturation of the data described?

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Data analysis

What strategies are used to analyze data?

Are steps described for data analysis followed?

Are credibility, auditability, and fittingness of the data described?

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Credibility

Do the participants recognize the experience as their own?

Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully?

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Auditability

Can the reader follow the researcher’s reasoning?

Does the researcher document the research process?

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Definition: criterion of scientific rigor for qualitative research when the research report leads the reader from the research question and raw data through the steps of analysis and interpretation of the data

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Fittingness

Are the findings applicable to other, similar situations?

Are the results meaningful to nursing?

Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?

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Findings

Are the findings presented within a context?

Is the reader able to comprehend the “essence of the experience” from the report?

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Findings

Are the researcher’s conceptualizations (themes) true to the data?

Does the researcher place the report in the context of what is already known?

Was the existing literature on the topic related to the findings?

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Conclusions, implications, and recommendations

Do the conclusions, implications, and recommendations give a context to use the findings?

Do the conclusions reflect the study findings?

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Conclusions, implications, and recommendations

What are the recommendations for future study? Do they reflect the findings?

How has the researcher made explicit the significance to nursing theory, research, or practice?

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Phenomenology

Grounded theory

Ethnography

Case study

Community-based participatory research

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ANSWER: E

RATIONALE: Community-based participatory research (CBPR). Change or action is the intended “end-product” of CBPR, and action research is a term related to CBPR.

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ResearchChapter_06.ppt

ResearchChapter_06.ppt

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