Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 8 (2022) 100320

Available online 8 February 20222666-9153/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Correspondence

Increased suicidal behaviors among students during COVID-19 lockdowns: A concern of student’s mental health in Bangladesh

A R T I C L E I N F O

Keywords COVID-19 pandemic Student suicide Mental health Suicidal tendency Bangladesh

A B S T R A C T

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought an unprecedented natural event on life. The mental health of students has been impacted due to the long-term closure of educational institutions. The suicide rate had been significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previous years among Bangladeshi students. Several COVID-19 responses might be responsible for this increased suicidality among students. Therefore, family members should give them mental supports to reduce additional burdens due to the pandemic. The government and non-government organizations can take suicide prevention programs such as awareness campaigns, student counseling, internet-based interventions, etc. Also, the authority should vaccinate students, teachers, and other staff to reopen the academic institutions on an urgent basis.

The impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are not only limited to the healthcare systems. The pandemic impacted an individual’s social and personal life, physical and mental health, economic condition, and many more (Das et al., 2021; Repon et al., 2021; Hossain et al., 2021a; Islam and Hossain, 2021a). After the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the educational institutions have been closed in Bangladesh to date. Although a series of imposing-withdrawing in lockdowns, re-strictions on movement, public transports, markets, shopping malls, etc., have occurred, there is a postpone of the previously announced reopening of educational institutions (Daria et al., 2021a;Rahman et al., 2021; Moona et al., 2021). The education system in Bangladesh has been impacted tremendously. Also, Bangladesh ranked third among the countries with the highest number of days of complete school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the country ranked second in terms of the number of students impacted by these full school closures (UNICEF, 2021). Therefore, approximately 40.0 million students across the country are directly or indirectly affected by this ongoing pandemic. Sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, and involvement in addictive ac-tivities such as crimes, doing drugs, playing online video games, being forced to get early marriage, child labor, etc., are frequently reported problems of students in Bangladesh due to their long isolation from an academic institution, alternative learning methods, and changes in the schedule of daily activities (Ether et al., 2022). Therefore, stress, worry, irritation, depression, and suicidal thoughts are prevalent among stu-dents in Bangladesh (Dhaka Tribune, 2021; Hossain and Islam, 2021).

As there is no national reporting system or database for suicides in Bangladesh, we extracted their information from media reports. The methodology of the current study was conducted to extract data following the previously conducted media-reports-based online retro-spective study (Mamun et al., 2020). We conducted an online media-reports-based retrospective study using several keywords (e.g. “student suicide”, “COVID-19 pandemic”, “suicidal tendency”, “Ban-gladeshi students”) on Google’s search engine in both English and Bengali from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021. In the last 15 months, 151

students committed suicide in Bangladesh. Of these, 63 are school stu-dents, 42 are university-medical college students, 26 are college stu-dents, and 29 are madrasah (institution specially designed for Islamic education and culture) students. The above information depicts the mental health condition of Bangladeshi students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A large proportion of students are suffering from mental health problems that lead them to suicidal behavior. A study was con-ducted before the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide cases reported from January 2018 to June 2019 in the Bangladeshi print media. A total of 56 Bangladeshi students committed suicide during that period (Mamun et al., 2020). Comparing the total number of suicides among Bangla-deshi students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been observed that the number of suicide cases has increased about three folds during the pandemic. Therefore, the long closure of educational institutions across the country might be associated with this increased suicidality among students. Experts assumed that the long-term closure of educational institutions during the ongoing pandemic is increasing the stress on students’ personal lives (Hossain et al., 2022). They are failing to control even minor emotional issues in daily life. The frus-tration with education and career, inadequate pocket money, family dispute, love affairs, financial crisis, loneliness, and depression are the major causes of increased suicidal tendencies among students (Faisal et al., 2021; Islam, 2021a). Students were spending with their families at home for a long time. Therefore, they were unable to play and spend time with their friends (Islam et al., 2021a). This situation has made them more prone to violent and abusive behavior by their relatives and family members (Islam and Hossain, 2021b). Many students have lost their jobs or income sources like part-time jobs, private tuitions during the pandemic (Hossain et al., 2021b). The financial crisis led them to frustrations because of an uncertain future. Along with some physical health issues, frustrations, depression, anxiety, loneliness, sleep distur-bances have increased among students that led the students to exhibit suicidal behavior and ultimately commit suicide (Islam et al., 2021b, 2021c, 2021d).

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Journal of Affective Disorders Reports

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-affective-disorders-reports

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100320 Received 24 June 2021; Received in revised form 9 January 2022; Accepted 5 February 2022

Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 8 (2022) 100320

2

The COVID-19 pandemic has tremendously affected the mental health of students across the world (Daria et al., 2021b). Many students are experiencing mental health problems due to the pandemic re-sponses, academic career, and job-related stresses. Studies suggest that about 90% of the suicide victims reported at least one mental disorder (Mamun et al., 2020). Therefore, the government, non-government or-ganizations, and families should take immediate measures to give mental health support to the students. Also, the healthcare authorities should take initiatives for priority-basis vaccination programs for stu-dents, teachers, and other staff to reopen the educational institutions (Islam, 2021b; Hossain et al., 2021c). Reopening educational in-stitutions might help the students to get back to their normal life like socializing with their friends and teachers, engaging in their regular activities which might improve their mental health (Islam et al., 2021e). Educational institutions must be more focused on improving mental health education, support, and provision to decrease the suicide rate, the suicidal tendency among the students. The authorities can teach the students to cope with some psychological distresses during this ongoing pandemic. Mental health education of parents and their children, awareness, the introduction of crisis centers, hotlines, and social coun-seling might reduce the suicidal tendencies of students. Every educa-tional institution needs to appoint psychologists to provide adequate psychological counseling support to their students during and after this pandemic. The families should keep regular contact with mental health professionals and counseling psychologists for the mentally vulnerable family members. They should let the depressed members know that not meeting any shortcomings does not mean the end of life. With all these initiatives and realization, it is possible to reduce the increased suicidal tendencies of students.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Sohel Daria: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Md. Rabiul Islam: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

None

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Sohel Daria, Md. Rabiul Islam*

Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Md.R. Islam).

Correspondence